Some of the major contributions in this volume include, but are not limited to: anisotropic elasto-plastic deformation mechanisms in fluid saturated porous rocks, dynamics of fluids transport in fractured rocks and simulation techniques, fracture mechanics and simulation techniques in porous rocks, fluid-structure interaction in hydraulic driven fractures, advanced numerical techniques for simulation of progressive fracture, including multiscale modeling, and micromechanical approaches for porous rocks, and quasi-static versus dynamic fractures in porous rocks.
Rocks mechanics legend Erle Donaldson, along with colleagues Waqi Alam and Nasrin Begum from the oil and gas consultant company Tetrahedron, have authored this handbook on updated fundamentals and more recent technology used during a common hydraulic fracturing procedure. Meant for technical and non-technical professionals interested in the subject of hydraulic fracturing, the book provides a clear and simple explanation of the technology and related issues to promote the safe development of petroleum reserves leading to energy independence throughout the world.
The book explores the theoretical background of one of the most widespread activities in hydrocarbon wells, that of hydraulic fracturing. A comprehensive treatment of the basic phenomena includes: linear elasticity, stresses, fracture geometry and rheology.
The diverse concepts of mechanics are integrated into a coherent description of hydraulic fracture propagation. The chapters in the book are cross-referenced throughout and the connections between the various phenomena are emphasized.
The book offers readers a unique approach to the subject with the use of many numerical examples. Fluid-driven fracture growth, called hydraulic fracturing, refers to the process where a pressurized fluid flows into and propagates fractures in the rocks.
It is a commonly used technique for well stimulation to extract oil and gas in the petroleum industry and geothermal resources from deep granite and is also widely used in the mining industry to precondition rock for extraction by caving and to reduce seismic risk in deep high stress mines.
In addition, fluid-driven fractures are important in several geological processes, for example, associated with the formation of veins and joints and in growth of dikes leading to volcanic eruption. The mechanics of hydraulic fractures involves multiple physical processes including the flow of viscous fluids in fractures, diffusion of fluid into porous matrix material, creation of new fracture surfaces, proppant transport and multiphase flow, and friction slip on natural fractures and faults.
In particular, hydraulic fracturing is further complicated by its interaction with geological structures, the tectonic stresses, pore pressure, and rock temperature. Hydraulic fracturing typically occurs as a quasi-static process, but potentially induces seismic events if pore pressure and stress changes are not well controlled and monitored. Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the continuing research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures for more than two decades along with new research trends, which are of interest to both researchers and industrial operators.
At the science level, fracture growth in rocks occurs at a large range of scales. The rock itself as a natural material is heterogenous, consisting of minerals grains including clays, and grain sand cementing minerals. The rock mass is also structurally heterogeneous, containing microcracks, bedding planes, joints and faults.
The rock material and structural heterogeneity makes the prediction of fracture growth difficult and careful experimental design and model development are required to advance our understanding. A collection of recent work thus can provide an important summary of current understanding of the multi-scale mechanics of hydraulic fractures.
Hydraulic Fracturing effectively busts the myths associated with hydraulic fracturing. It explains how to properly engineer and optimize a hydraulically fractured well by selecting the right materials, evaluating the economic benefits of the project, and ensuring the safety and success of the people, environment, and equipment. From data estimation.
Hydraulic fracturing has been and continues to be a major techno logical tool in oil and gas recovery, nuclear and other waste disposal, mining and particularly in-situ coal gasification, and, more recently, in geothermal heat recovery, particularly extracting heat from hot dry rock masses. The understanding of the fracture process under the ac tion of pressurized fluid at various temperatures is of fundamental scientific importance, which requires an adequate description of thermomechanical properties of subsurface rock, fluid-solid interaction effects, as well as degradation of the host rock due to temperature gradients introduced by heat extraction.
Previous measurements of only reactor 0. However, the initial functional group that remained unbound. Finally, substantially variation, it could have also been promoted by cross-linking of longer lag phases of PEG biodegradation in reactors where GA PAM or NH3 with the observed aldehydic and carboxylated was present indicate that even while it was undergoing PEG transformation intermediates.
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Science , , Risk removal mechanisms. As a result, chemicals may be transported Assess. Critical Evaluations of Additives Used in for degradation. Conditions that do not favor degradation or Shale Slickwater Fracs.
Biocides in agricultural topsoil layers, with potential for uptake in crops Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids: A Critical Review of Their Usage, or negative impacts on plant growth. Additionally, in areas Mobility, Degradation, and Toxicity. This is especially M. As a BONUS this eBook contains web addresses to video movies for a better understanding of the technological process and web addresses to recruitment companies where you may apply for a job.
This book examines the issues and social, economic, political, and legal aspects of fracking in the United States. Together with horizontal well, this technology unlocks impervious shale rocks - releasing crude oil and natural gas that otherwise would not have been possible by using conventional exploration and production methods.
This detailed 2nd Edition has many illustrations, giving readers solid foundation in the procedures, issues, benefits, and reverse benefits associated with current shale reservoir development using Hydraulic Fracturing Fracking. This book is unique and different from other groundwater hydrology books in that it uses a holistic approach in investigating the risks related to groundwater resources.
This book will be of interest to a wide audience in academia, governmental and non-governmental organizations, and environmental entities. This book will greatly contribute to a better understanding of the emerging risks to groundwater resources and should help responsible stakeholders make informed decisions in this regard.
In some of these experiences, investigators concluded that differential settlement cracks were the probable causes, even though no cracks were seen on the surface. In these examples, it was not determined whether the crack was open before the reservoir filled or whether it might have opened afterward. In several unsolved problems on the safety of the earth-rock fill dam, the problem of hydraulic fracture in the soil core of the earth-rock fill dam is one that is widely paid attention by designers and researchers.
Hydraulic fracturing is generally considered as a key cause which may induce the leakage of the dam during first filling. In this extensive book, a new numerical simulate method is suggested. The method is based on the conventional two-dimensional finite element technique, and the theoretical formulations to calculate energy release rate using virtual crack extension method. The influence factors on convergence of calculated J integral are investigated.
The accuracy of the calculated J integral is verified by analysing the three typical problems in Fracture Mechanics, in which propagation of crack may follow mode I, mode II and mixed mode I-II respectively.
Using the new numerical method, the factors affecting the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing in the earth-rock fill dam are investigated. The likelihood of the occurrence of hydraulic fracturing increases with increasing the water level or the crack depth.
The consequence of this insertion is the duplication of some nodes during the calculation process. To manage the mesh information and the changes in its topology we use the Tops code [14,15]. To insert the cohesive elements, the tensile traction is checked at all facets of the mesh and is inserted when this tensile traction supersedes the normal or tangential cohesive strengths. Fluid flow simulation using the lattice Boltzmann model. Fluid modeling may be accomplished by using the LBM.
In this model, space is discretized in cells where the probable number of particles that comprise them, on time t and with velocity v is represented by the distribution function f x, v, t.
From this function, fluid macroscopic variables may be calculated. Usually, the solution of LBM is accomplished via two- step process of collision and propagation.
The collision phase redistributes the particles on the node particles collide with each other due to the collision effect and the propagation phase propagates the particles to neighboring nodes. For the two-dimensional case, it is usual to choose a D2Q9 cell that allows nine velocity directions, four on the vertex of the cell, four at the center of each cell side and one in the center of the cell itself.
In this case, the boundary is located at the middle distance between two nodes and the particles are reflected in the same direction from where they came. For other boundary locations, interpolation functions are used to calculate the value of the distribution function [12].
This research does not consider the fluid penetration into the solid. Coupling implementation and first results. The fracture boundaries are obtained from the finite element mesh.
The force applied on the boundaries, caused by the fluid pressure, can be computed using LBM. After this calculation, these forces are transferred to the FEM and applied as external forces on the faces of the crack. The new position of the crack boundaries is calculated using FEM and then is transferred to the LBM to update the boundary conditions. For this feedback-loop for fluid-structure interaction, it is necessary to define a subcycle number. The LB mesh is created in the zone where the fracture propagation happens.
An example of the coupling process between FEM and LBM and the properties of the material, fluid and characteristics of the meshes are showed in figure 2. A fluid pressure is applied to a portion of the notch.
Because of the application of these forces, the boundaries move and their new position are transferred to the LBM to update the boundary condition. In this example, the fluid applied a pressure on the initial crack faces but did not flow into the crack. The PPR model was used by means the extrinsic implementation. The cohesive elements are adaptively inserted in the mesh to capture the softening process, and the crack propagation may be simulated for regular or irregular path.
The LBM is used to simulate the fluid flow. Considering the fluid flow into the crack as a flow into parallel plates, the Navier-Stokes equations may be solved using LBM. The FEM-LBM coupling allows simulating the hydraulic fracturing due to the advantage of the LBM to simulate the fluid flow in complex boundary conditions, as a fracture. References 1. Park, G. Paulino, Paulino, J. Roesler, A unified potential-based cohesive model of mixed mode fracture, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 57,
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